What are kidney stones, and how do they form? How do I know if I have kidney stones? Are they dangerous? Walter Mutter, M.D. Chief of Nephrology at Newton-Wellesley Hospital and Lecturer in Medicine at Harvard Medical School, discusses kidney stones, how to prevent them, and what you should do if you have them.

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0:00 – Intro
0:15 – What Are Kidney Stones, How Do They Form?
0:49 – How Do I Know If I Have Kidney Stones?
1:34 – Do Genetics Play A Role?
1:55 – Are Kidney Stones Dangerous If Left Untreated?
2:20 – How Long Do They Take To Pass?
3:02 – How Do We Test For Kidney Stones?
4:00 – What Happens If I’m Pregnant And Have Kidney Stones?
4:23 – What Are The Causes Of Kidney Stones?
5:28 – What Can I Do To Prevent Kidney Stones?
6:33 – How Do I Prevent Them From Getting Worse?
7:25 – How Do We Remove Them?
8:09 – What’s The Worst Thing I Can Do If I Have Kidney Stones?
8:35 – What’s The Best Thing I Can Do About Kidney Stones?

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Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Mass General Brigham

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This video shows Atrophic Kidney with renal and ureteral stones.
An atrophic kidney is one that has shrunk to an abnormal size with abnormal function. This is also known as renal atrophy. It’s not the same thing as renal hypoplasia, a condition in which the kidney is smaller from development in the womb and at the time of birth.
If one kidney is small and the other one is completely normal, it is usually possible to lead a normal life without it affecting health. Having one small kidney can increase the chance of developing some health problems such as high blood pressure, even if the other kidney is normal.
However, if both kidneys are small, this can be more of a concern and if there is not enough healthy kidney tissue, kidney failure can develop. Therefore people who are found to have a small kidney normally have some medical tests performed to see whether further treatment or observation over a period of time is necessary.
Kidney damage generally occurs over a long period. This can happen because there’s insufficient blood flow to the kidneys.
You may be at higher risk of kidney disease if you have:
Diabetes
A family history of kidney disease
Heart disease
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Causes of Shrunken Kidney
Antiphospholipid syndrome.
Infection, such as tuberculosis.
Metabolic syndrome.
Narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
Narrowing of the renal arteries (atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis)
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
Sickle cell disease.
Cancer.
In the early stages of kidney disease, you might not realize anything is wrong. It can take as much as a 30 to 40 percent loss of function for symptoms to appear. As the kidneys become less able to filter the blood, you may notice:

Changes in the frequency of urination
Darkening skin
Drowsiness
Itchiness
Loss of appetite
Muscle cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Swelling of the hands and feet
Other signs of the atrophic kidney include:

Acidosis
Anorexia
High creatinine concentration
Electrolyte abnormalities
Malnutrition
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anatomical Latin pronuniations
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