What are kidney stones, and how do they form? How do I know if I have kidney stones? Are they dangerous? Walter Mutter, M.D. Chief of Nephrology at Newton-Wellesley Hospital and Lecturer in Medicine at Harvard Medical School, discusses kidney stones, how to prevent them, and what you should do if you have them.

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0:00 – Intro
0:15 – What Are Kidney Stones, How Do They Form?
0:49 – How Do I Know If I Have Kidney Stones?
1:34 – Do Genetics Play A Role?
1:55 – Are Kidney Stones Dangerous If Left Untreated?
2:20 – How Long Do They Take To Pass?
3:02 – How Do We Test For Kidney Stones?
4:00 – What Happens If I’m Pregnant And Have Kidney Stones?
4:23 – What Are The Causes Of Kidney Stones?
5:28 – What Can I Do To Prevent Kidney Stones?
6:33 – How Do I Prevent Them From Getting Worse?
7:25 – How Do We Remove Them?
8:09 – What’s The Worst Thing I Can Do If I Have Kidney Stones?
8:35 – What’s The Best Thing I Can Do About Kidney Stones?

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Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention | Mass General Brigham

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This video shows Atrophic Kidney with renal and ureteral stones.
An atrophic kidney is one that has shrunk to an abnormal size with abnormal function. This is also known as renal atrophy. It’s not the same thing as renal hypoplasia, a condition in which the kidney is smaller from development in the womb and at the time of birth.
If one kidney is small and the other one is completely normal, it is usually possible to lead a normal life without it affecting health. Having one small kidney can increase the chance of developing some health problems such as high blood pressure, even if the other kidney is normal.
However, if both kidneys are small, this can be more of a concern and if there is not enough healthy kidney tissue, kidney failure can develop. Therefore people who are found to have a small kidney normally have some medical tests performed to see whether further treatment or observation over a period of time is necessary.
Kidney damage generally occurs over a long period. This can happen because there’s insufficient blood flow to the kidneys.
You may be at higher risk of kidney disease if you have:
Diabetes
A family history of kidney disease
Heart disease
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Causes of Shrunken Kidney
Antiphospholipid syndrome.
Infection, such as tuberculosis.
Metabolic syndrome.
Narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
Narrowing of the renal arteries (atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis)
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
Sickle cell disease.
Cancer.
In the early stages of kidney disease, you might not realize anything is wrong. It can take as much as a 30 to 40 percent loss of function for symptoms to appear. As the kidneys become less able to filter the blood, you may notice:

Changes in the frequency of urination
Darkening skin
Drowsiness
Itchiness
Loss of appetite
Muscle cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Swelling of the hands and feet
Other signs of the atrophic kidney include:

Acidosis
Anorexia
High creatinine concentration
Electrolyte abnormalities
Malnutrition
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anatomical Latin pronuniations
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Mrs. Shipra Verma was diagnosed with Kidney atrophy or shrinkage of both kidneys. The level of creatine was very high, so the doctors recommended undergoing dialysis followed by a kidney transplant. The transplant was done successfully and the patient is doing well in her life now.

Dr. Sunil Dharmani, Senior Consultant – Nephrologist & Kidney Transplant Surgeon from NH MMI Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, Raipur shares his experience in treating the patient.

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The pancreas is a high vascular structure and supplied by the
following arteries:
1. Splenic artery, a branch of coeliac trunk: The splenic
artery is the branch of coeliac trunk and it is the main
source of blood supply to the pancreas. Its branches
supply the body and tail of pancreas. Two branches are
named. One large branch which arises near the tail and
runs toward the neck is called arteria pancreatica magna.
Another relatively small branch, which runs toward the
tip of the tail, is termed arteria caudae pancreatica.
2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery: The superior
pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of gastroduodenal
artery.
3. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery: The inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of superior
mesenteric artery.
Both the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
arteries divide into anterior and posterior branches, which
run between the concavity of the duodenum and the head of
pancreas. The anastomoses between anterior and posterior
branches form anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal
arterial arcades.
#anatomy #pancreas #tutorial

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This video contains a visual explanation of kidney stones, aimed at helping students of medicine and healthcare professionals prepare for exams.

Narration, illustrations and animation by Tom Watchman. Audio and video edited by Harry Watchman.

Written notes on kidney stones are available on the website at:

Kidney Stones

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Watch a demonstration of the Fist Percussion Test.

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Direct Access: Deciding When to Treat or Refer Out- A Course Review by Harrison Vaughan, PT, DPT, OCS

I recently took Dr. Michael Fink’s course on MedBridge, Medical Screening and Differential Diagnosis – Systems Based Approach. This provided me 6 contact hours of medical screening and review of specific systems, which goes beyond the minimal necessary to fulfill my continuing education needs. I embrace my role as a Direct Access practitioner. Not only did I decide to take this course as a requirement, but also as a service to my patients as I’m trained in differentiating between systemic and musculoskeletal conditions. Read more…
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Dr. Bryan Stone discusses how various urinary infections can cause a major infection in the kidney.
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Kidney Infection Symptoms & Treatment. Part of the series: Medical Conditions & Treatments. Symptoms of kidney infection include pain in the back, abdominal pressure, bloating and pain or burning with urination. Find out how kidney infections are treated with antibiotics with help from a licensed RN in this free video on kidney infections.
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Learn more about how the kidneys and urinary tract work: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/biology-of-the-kidneys-and-urinary-tract/kidneys

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the flanks. They regulate blood pressure and the body’s amount of water and minerals. Blood from the aorta reaches the kidneys by passing through the kidney’s (renal) arteries. From there, the blood begins to be filtered as fluids, minerals, and waste products pass through the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule (in the cortex, or outer part of the kidney) to tubules (in the medulla, or inner part of the kidney), The filtered solution passes into collecting ducts, then into the ureter (tubes connecting the kidney to the bladder) and bladder, and then out through the urethra. Among the disorders that can affect the kidney and urinary tract, stones, usually made mostly of calcium, can cause pain, bleeding, and infection.

About The Merck Manuals:

First published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, The Merck Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the world’s most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers. As The Manual evolved, it continually expanded the reach and depth of its offerings to reflect the mission of providing the best medical information to a wide cross-section of users, including medical professionals and students, veterinarians and veterinary students, and consumers.

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http://www.handwrittentutorials.com – This video is the first in a series about the Anatomy of the Kidney. This tutorial explores the gross anatomy of a cut section of the kidney, and provides the prerequisite knowledge for the following tutorials. For more entirely FREE tutorials and the accompanying PDFs, visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com
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